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Crime and violce affect the lives of millions of people in Latin America. Some consider social inequality to be a major contributing factor to levels of violce in Latin America,
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Where the state fails to prevt crime and organized crime takes over State control in areas where the State is unable to assist the society such as in impoverished communities. In the years following the transitions from authoritarianism to democracy, crime and violce have become major problems in Latin America. The region expericed more than 2.5 million murders betwe 2000 and 2017.
Several studies indicated the existce of an epidemic in the region; the Pan American Health Organization called violce in Latin America the social pandemic of the 20th ctury.
Apart from the direct human cost, the rise in crime and violce has imposed significant social costs and has made much more difficult the processes of economic and social developmt, democratic consolidation and regional integration in the Americas.
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Two factors which may be related to crime in Latin America are poverty and drug trafficking. Drug traffickers use violce to resolve disputes over profits or territory. Crime impedes economic growth by discouraging investmt and redirecting resources from productive activities to the prevtion or punishmt of further crime. Data: UNODC, 2012.
High rates of crime and violce in Latin America are undermining growth, threating human welfare, and impeding social developmt, according to World Bank and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
According to the Financial Times, The region registers close to 40 per ct of the world’s murders despite being home to only 9 per ct of the global population. According to LAPOP, one in four Latin Americans was assaulted and robbed in 2018.
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Latin America is caught in a vicious cycle, where economic growth is thwarted by high crime rates, leading many to believe that because of the insufficit economic opportunity in the region, Latin America cannot navigate their way out of the problem. However, there are many contributing factors to the problem of crime and violce in Latin America, such as the Drug Trade, Cartels and corruption in the political and judicial systems.
Crime and violce thrives as the rule of law is weak, economic opportunity is scarce, and education is poor. Therefore, effectively addressing crime requires a holistic, multi-sectoral approach that addresses its root social, political, and economic causes.
In Mexico, armed gangs of rival drug smugglers have be fighting it out with one another, thus creating new hazards in rural areas. Crime is extremely high in all of the major cities in Brazil. Wealthy citizs have had to provide for their own security. In large parts of Rio de Janeiro, armed criminal gangs are said to be in control. Crime statistics were high in El Salvador, Guatemala and Vezuela during 1996. The police have not be able to handle the work load and the military have be called in to assist in these countries.
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The city that currtly topped the list of the world's most violt cities is San Pedro Sula in Honduras, leading various media sources to label it the murder capital of the world.
Colombia registered a homicide rate of 24.4 per 100, 000 in 2016, the lowest since 1974. The 40-year low in murders came the same year that the Colombian governmt signed a peace agreemt with the FARC.
Today, Latin America has the dubious distinction of being most violt region in the world, with combined crime rates more than triple the world average and are comparable to rates in nations expericing war.
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The Inter-American Developmt Bank estimates that Latin America's per capita Gross Domestic Product would be twty-five perct higher if the region's crime rates were equal to the world average.
Business associations in the region rank crime as the number one issue negatively affecting trade and investmt. Crime-related violce also represts the most important threat to public health, striking more victims than HIV/AIDS or other infectious diseases.
Public faith in democracy itself is under threat as governmts are perceived as unable to deliver basic services such as public security. A United Nations report revealed that only 43 perct of Latin Americans are fully supportive of democracy.
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Crime has rapidly ris to the top of the list of citiz concerns in Latin America. As the Economist magazine described it, in several Latin American countries, 2004 will be remembered as the year in which the people rose up in revolt against crime.
Massive street marches such as those that took place in Argtina, Mexico, and Brazil, and other expressions of protest against violce, have made it increasingly difficult for politicians to avoid dealing with the issue and, in many countries, have made tackling crime a ctral theme in political party platforms across the region. Several leaders in the region, including El Salvador's Tony Saca, Ricardo Maduro in Honduras, Guatemala's Óscar Berger, and Álvaro Uribe in Colombia, have all campaigned on a strong anti-crime message.
The Presidts of Honduras and El Salvador have called gangs (maras) as big a threat to national security in their countries as terrorism is to the United States.
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World Bank researchers have demonstrated the existce of a 'criminal inertia, ' in which high rates of criminality dure long after the latt socioeconomic causes have disappeared or be addressed through policy intervtions.
Another reason critics believe fuels crime in Latin America is due to the poor public primary education system they say it has giv rise to youths without jobs or expectations of employmt-thereby fueling the mounting problem of gang violce in Ctral America, Mexico, Jamaica, Trinidad, Colombia and Brazil.
A series of factors have contributed to the increase in violt crime in Latin America since the transitions from authoritarianism to democracy. Some intrinsic factors and characteristics of each country aggravated the problem in some countries. However, some factors might have increased the risk of crime and violce in many or most countries in the region in the period betwe the 1980s and 1990s:
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Brazil is one of the countries that has the largest inequality in terms of the gap betwe the very wealthy and the extremely destitute. A huge portion of the population lives in poverty. According to the World Bank, one-fifth of Brazil's 173 million people account for only a 2.2 perct share of the national income. Brazil is second only to South Africa in a world ranking of income inequality.
The incidce of violt crime, including muggings, armed robbery, murder and sexual assault is high, particularly in Rio de Janeiro, Recife and other large cities. Carjacking is also common, particularly in major cities. The statistics posted by the Brazilian Public Security Forum indicated that over 47, 000 violt crimes were committed in 2019.
Victims of these gangs, both inside and outside the no-go areas, have be seriously injured or killed wh attempting to resist their perpetrators. During peak tourist seasons, large, organized criminal gangs have reportedly robbed and assaulted beach goers.
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The country is well known for having almost 60, 000 documted murders every year for the past decade, mostly drug and robbery related.
'Express kidnappings', where individuals are abducted and forced to withdraw funds from automated teller machines to secure their release, are common in major cities including Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Recife.
People have be robbed and assaulted wh using unregistered taxis. Petty crime such as pickpocketing and bag snatching are common. Thieves operate in outdoor markets, in hotels and on public transport.
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Elemts of all the armed groups have be involved in drug-trafficking. In a country where the presce of the state has always be weak, the result has be a grinding war on multiple fronts, with the civilian population caught in the crossfire and oft deliberately targeted for collaborating. Human rights advocates blame paramilitaries for massacres, disappearances, and cases of torture and forced displacemt. Rebel groups such as the FARC and the ELN are behind assassinations, kidnapping and extortion.
The level of drug related violce was halved in the last 10 years, wh the country moved from being the most violt country in the world to have a homicide rate that is inferior to the one registered in countries like Honduras, Jamaica, El Salvador, Vezuela, Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa.
The administration of Presidt Uribe has sought to professionalize the armed forces and to gage them more fully in the counterinsurgcy war; as a result, the armed groups have suffered a series of setbacks. Police in Colombia say the number of people kidnapped has fall 92% since 2000. Common criminals are now the perpetrators of the overwhelming majority of kidnappings. By the year 2016, the number of kidnappings in Colombia had declined to 205 and it continues to decline.
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Violt crime is rampant in El Salvador, in 2012 the homicide rate
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