Starting with the 2000 United States presidtial election, the terms red state and blue state have referred to U.S. states whose voters vote predominantly for one party — the Republican Party in red states and the Democratic Party in blue states — in presidtial and other statewide elections.
By contrast, states where the vote fluctuates betwe the Democratic and Republican candidates are known as swing states or purple states. Examining patterns within states reveals that the reversal of the two parties' geographic bases has happed at the state level, but it is more complicated locally, with urban-rural divides associated with many of the largest changes.
Incumbt sators. Red and blue dote two Republican or two Democratic sators respectively. Purple states dote one Republican and one Democrat from the state. Light blue stripes dote one Indepdt sator (that caucuses with the Democrats).
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All states contain considerable amounts of both liberal and conservative voters (i.e., they are purple) and only appear blue or red on the electoral map because of the winner-take-all system used by most states in the Electoral College.
However, the perception of some states as blue and some as red was reinforced by a degree of partisan stability from election to election — from the 2016 presidtial election to the 2020 presidtial election, only five states changed color; and as of 2020, 35 out of 50 states have voted for the same party in every presidtial election since the red-blue terminology was popularized in 2000, with only 15 having swung betwe the 2000 presidtial election and the 2020 election. Although many red states and blue states stay in the same category for long periods, they may also switch from blue to red or from red to blue over time.
The colors red and blue are also featured on the United States flag. Traditional political mapmakers, at least throughout the 20th ctury, had used blue to represt the modern-day Republicans, as well as the earlier Federalist Party. This may have be a holdover from the Civil War, during which the predominantly Republican north was considered blue.[4] However, at that time, a maker of widely sold maps accompanied them with blue pcils to mark Confederate force movemts, while red was for the Union.
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Later, in the 1888 presidtial election, Grover Cleveland and Bjamin Harrison used maps that coded blue for the Republicans, the color perceived to represt the Union and Lincoln's Party, and red for the Democrats. The parties themselves had no official colors, with candidates variously using either or both of the national color palette of red and blue (white being unsuitable for printed materials).
There was one historical use, associated with boss rule, of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans: during the late 19th ctury and early 20th ctury, Texas county election boards used color-coding to help Spanish-speaking and illiterate voters idtify the parties;
However, this system was not applied consisttly in Texas and was not replicated in any other state. In 1908, The New York Times printed a special color map, using blue for Democrats and yellow for Republicans, to detail Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 electoral victory.
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That same year, a color supplemt included with a July issue of The Washington Post used red for Republican-favoring states, blue for Democratic-favoring states, yellow for doubtful states and gre for territories that did not have a presidtial vote.
Incumbt House of Represtative members by state. The darker the shade, the higher perctage of members of that party. Dark blue and red are 100% members of the party. Pink states are evly split.
The 21st-ctury association of colors in American politics is contrary to the long-standing convtions of political color in most other countries whereby red symbols (such as the red flag or red star) are associated with leftist politics.
Political Map Of The United States.
According to The Washington Post, journalist Tim Russert invted these terms during his televised coverage of the 2000 United States presidtial election.
The 2000 election was not the first during which the news media used colored maps to depict voter preferces in the various states, but it was the first time the currt red-blue terminology was used. In previous elections, the color assignmts or ev the actual colors used were oft differt.
The advt of color television in America during the late 1950s and early 1960s prompted television news reporters to rely on color-coded electoral maps, though sources conflict as to the convtions they used. One source claims that in the elections prior to 2000 every state that voted for Democratic candidates but one had be coded red. It further claims that from 1976 to 2004, in an attempt to avoid favoritism in color-coding, the broadcast networks standardized the convtion of alternating every four years betwe blue and red the color used for the incumbt presidt's party.
United States Map (political)
According to another source, in 1976, John Chancellor, the anchorman for NBC Nightly News, asked his network's gineers to construct a large illuminated map of the United States. The map was placed in the network's election-night news studio. If Jimmy Carter, the Democratic candidate that year, won a state, it was lit in red whereas if Gerald Ford, the incumbt Republican presidt, won a state, it was lit in blue.[1] The feature proved to be so popular that, four years later, all three major television networks used colors to designate the states won by the presidtial candidates, though not all using the same color scheme. NBC continued its color scheme (blue for Republicans) until 1996.[1] NBC newsman David Brinkley referred to the 1980 election map outcome showing Republican Ronald Reagan's 44-state landslide in blue as resembling a suburban swimming pool.[12]
Since the 1984 election, CBS has used the opposite scheme: blue for Democrats, red for Republicans. ABC used yellow for Republicans and blue for Democrats in 1976, th red for Republicans and blue for Democrats in 1980, 1984, and 1988. In 1980, wh John Anderson had a relatively well publicized campaign as an indepdt candidate, at least one network indicated provisionally that they would use yellow if he were to win a state. Similarly, at least one network would have used yellow to indicate a state won by Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, though neither of them did claim any states in any of these years.
By 1996, color schemes were relatively mixed, as CNN, CBS, ABC, and The New York Times referred to Democratic states with the color blue and Republican ones as red, while Time and The Washington Post used the opposite scheme.
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In the days after the 2000 election, the outcome of which was unknown for some time after election day, major media outlets began conforming to the same color scheme because the electoral map was continually in view, and conformity made for easy and instant viewer comprehsion. On election night that year, there was no coordinated effort to code Democratic states blue and Republican states red; the association gradually emerged. Partly as a result of this evtual and near-universal color-coding, the terms red states and blue states tered popular use in the weeks after the 2000 presidtial election. After the results were final with the Republican George W. Bush winning, journalists stuck with the color scheme, as The Atlantic's December 2001 cover story by David Brooks titled, One Nation, Slightly Divisible, illustrated.
Thus, red and blue became fixed in the media and in many people's minds, despite the fact that the Democratic and Republican parties had not officially chos colors.
Some Republicans argue the GOP should retain its historic association with blue, since most cter-right parties worldwide are associated with blue. On March 14, 2014, the California Republican Party officially rejected red and adopted blue as its color. Archie Tse, The New York Times graphics editor who made the choice wh the Times published its first color presidtial election map in 2000, provided a nonpolitical rationale for retaining the red–Republican link, explaining that Both 'Republican' and 'red' start with the letter 'R.'
United States Political Map
There are several problems in creating and interpreting election maps. Popular vote data are necessarily aggregated at several levels, such as counties and states, which are th colored to show election results. Maps of this type are termed choropleth maps, which have several well-known problems that can result in interpretation bias. One problem occurs wh areal units differ in size and significance, as is the case with election maps. These maps give extra visual weight to larger areal units, whether by county or state. This problem is compounded if the units are not equally significant. A large county or state in area may have fewer voters than a small one in area, for example. Some maps attempt to account for this by using cartogram methods, but the resulting distortion can make such maps difficult to read.
Another problem relates to data classification. Election maps oft use a two-class color scheme (red and blue), which results in a map that is easy to read but is very geralized. Some maps use more classes, such as shades of red and blue to indicate the degree of election victory. These maps provide a more detailed picture but themselves have various problems associated
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