The chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a large and round short-winged bird, domesticated from the red junglefowl of Southeast Asia around 8, 000 years ago. Most chicks are raised for food, providing meat and eggs; others are kept as pets or for cockfighting.
, and an annual production of more than 50 billion birds. A h bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs per year. There are numerous cultural referces to chicks in folklore, religion, and literature.
In older sources, and still oft in trade and scitific contexts, chicks as a species are described as common fowl or domestic fowl.
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Wild junglefowl can fly; chicks and their flight muscles are too heavy to allow them to fly more than a short distance.
Adult chicks of both sexes have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called wattles; combs and wattles are more promint in males. Some breeds have a mutation that causes extra feathering under the face, giving the appearance of a beard.
Chicks are gregarious, living in flocks, and incubate eggs and raise young communally. Individual chicks dominate others, establishing a pecking order; dominant individuals take priority for access to food and nest sites. The concept of dominance, involving pecking, was described in female chicks by Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1921 as the pecking order.
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And in response to sudd disturbances within their surroundings. Hs cluck loudly after laying an egg and to call their chicks. Chicks give differt warning calls to indicate that a predator is approaching from the air or on the ground.
To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a h (a circle dance), oft lowering the wing which is closest to the h.
And wh she responds to his call, the rooster may mount the h and proceed with the mating. Mating typically involves a sequce in which the male approaches the female and performs a waltzing display. If the female is unreceptive, she runs off; otherwise, she crouches, and the male mounts, treading with both feet on her back. After copulation the male does a tail-bding display.
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As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a neurodocrine system, the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons in the hypothalamus. Reproductive hormones including estrog, progesterone, and gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone) initiate and maintain sexual maturation changes. Reproduction declines with age, thought to be due to a decline in GnRH-I-N.
Hs oft try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. A flock thus uses only a few preferred locations, rather than having a differt nest for every bird.
Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a clutch is complete; they th incubate all the eggs. This is called going broody. The h sits on the nest, fluffing up or pecking defsively if disturbed. She rarely leaves the nest until the eggs have hatched.
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Eggs of chicks from the high-altitude region of Tibet have special physiological adaptations that result in a higher hatching rate in low oxyg vironmts. Wh eggs are placed in a hypoxic vironmt, chick embryos from these populations express much more hemoglobin than embryos from other chick populations. This hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxyg, binding oxyg more readily.
Fertile chick eggs hatch at the d of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its egg tooth to break out of the shell.
Hs remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches; during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal yolk sac.
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The h guards her chicks and brood them to keep them warm. She leads them to food and water and calls them towards food. The chicks imprint on the h and subsequtly follow her continually. She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old.
Water or ground-dwelling fowl similar to modern partridges, in the Galliformes, the order of bird that chicks belong to, survived the Cretaceous–Paleoge extinction evt that killed all tree-dwelling birds and their dinosaur relatives.
According to one early study, a single domestication evt of the red junglefowl in prest-day Thailand gave rise to the modern chick with minor transitions separating the modern breeds.
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The red junglefowl is well adapted to take advantage of the vast quantities of seed produced during the d of the multi-decade bamboo seeding cycle, to boost its own reproduction.
In domesticating the chick, humans took advantage of the red junglefowl's ability to reproduce prolifically wh exposed to a surge in its food supply.
In Southeast Asia and spread to China and India 2, 000 to 3, 000 years later. Archaeological evidce supports domestic chicks in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC.
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A landmark 2020 Nature study that fully sequced 863 chicks across the world suggests that all domestic chicks originate from a single domestication evt of red junglefowl whose prest-day distribution is predominantly in southwestern China, northern Thailand and Myanmar. These domesticated chicks spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of junglefowl, forming getically and geographically distinct groups. Analysis of the most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergt ancestries inherited from subspecies of red junglefowl.
Map showing the prehistoric introduction of domesticated chicks into Oceania from the Philippines via the Neolithic Austronesian expansion (starting at c. 4000 BP), inferred from getic markers on ancit and modern chick DNA (Thomson et al., 2014)
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A word for the domestic chick (*manuk) is part of the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian language, indicating they were domesticated by the Austronesian peoples since ancit times. Chicks, together with dogs and pigs, were carried throughout the tire range of the prehistoric Austronesian maritime migrations to Island Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar, starting from at least 3000 BC from Taiwan.
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These chicks might have be introduced during pre-Columbian times to South America via Polynesian seafarers, but evidce for this is still putative.
Middle Eastern chick remains go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC in Syria. They reached Egypt for purposes of cockfighting about 1400 BC and became widely bred in Egypt around 300 BC.
Phoicians spread chicks along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. During the Hellistic period (4th–2nd cturies BC), in the southern Levant, chicks began to be widely domesticated for food.
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Getic sequcing of chick bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the High Middle Ages chicks became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season.
Three possible routes of introduction into Africa around the early first millnium AD could have be through the Egyptian Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and the Berbers, across the Sahara. The earliest known remains are from Mali, Nubia, East Coast, and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millnium AD.
The possibility that domestic chicks were in the Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chicks, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chicks. A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontint, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chicks in these areas; better description and getic analysis of local breeds threated by extinction may also help with research into this area.
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Chick bones from the Arauco Pinsula in south-ctral Chile were radiocarbon dated as pre-Columbian, and DNA analysis suggested they were related to prehistoric populations in Polynesia.
Chicks are susceptible both to parasites such as mites, and to diseases caused by pathogs such as bacteria and viruses. The parasite Dermanyssus gallinae feeds on blood, causing irritation and reducing egg production, and acts as a vector for bacterial diseases such as salmonellosis and spirochaetosis.
The vast majority of poultry is raised in factory farms. According to the Worldwatch Institute, 74% of the world's poultry meat and 68% of eggs are produced this way.
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An alternative to intsive poultry farming is free-range farming. Friction betwe these two main methods has led to long-term issues of ethical consumerism. Opponts of intsive farming argue that it harms the vironmt, creates human health risks and is inhumane.
Advocates of intsive farming say that their efficit systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled vironmt.
Hs of some breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year; the highest authticated rate of egg laying is 371 eggs in 364 days.
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After 12 months of laying, the commercial h's egg-laying ability declines to the point where the flock is commercially unviable. Hs, particularly from battery cage systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has be reduced from around sev years to less than two years.
In some other countries, flocks are sometimes force moulted rather than being slaughtered to re-invigorate egg-laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days
This stimulates the h to lose her feathers but also re-invigorates
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