A true-color image of the Americas. Much of the information in the image comes from a single remote-ssing device—NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, or MODIS, flying over 700 km above the Earth on board the Terra satellite in 2001.
The history of the Americas begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an ice age. These groups are gerally believed to have be isolated from the people of the Old World until the coming of Europeans in the 10th ctury from Iceland led by Leif Erikson, and in 1492 with the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
The ancestors of today's American Indigous peoples were the Paleo-Indians; they were hunter-gatherers who migrated into North America. The most popular theory asserts that migrants came to the Americas via Beringia, the land mass now covered by the ocean waters of the Bering Strait. Small lithic stage peoples followed megafauna like bison, mammoth (now extinct), and caribou, thus gaining the modern nickname big-game hunters. Groups of people may also have traveled into North America on shelf or sheet ice along the northern Pacific coast.
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Sedtary societies developed primarily in two regions: Mesoamerica and the Andean civilizations. Mesoamerican cultures include Zapotec, Toltec, Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Mixtec, Totonac, Teotihuacan, Huastec people, Purépecha, Izapa and Mazatec.
After the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Spanish and later Portuguese, glish, Frch and Dutch colonial expeditions arrived in the New World, conquering and settling the discovered lands, which led to a transformation of the cultural and physical landscape in the Americas. Spain colonized most of the Americas from prest-day Southwestern United States, Florida and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America. Portugal settled in what is mostly prest-day Brazil while gland established colonies on the Eastern coast of the United States, as well as the North Pacific coast and in most of Canada. France settled in Quebec and other parts of Eastern Canada and claimed an area in what is today the ctral United States. The Netherlands settled New Netherland (administrative ctre New Amsterdam – now New York), some Caribbean islands and parts of Northern South America.
European colonization of the Americas led to the rise of new cultures, civilizations and evtually states, which resulted from the fusion of Native American, European, and African traditions, peoples and institutions. The transformation of American cultures through colonization is evidt in architecture, religion, gastronomy, the arts and particularly languages, the most widespread being Spanish (376 million speakers), glish (348 million) and Portuguese (201 million). The colonial period lasted approximately three cturies, from the early 16th to the early 19th cturies, wh Brazil and the larger Hispanic American nations declared indepdce. The United States obtained indepdce from Great Britain much earlier, in 1776, while Canada formed a federal dominion in 1867 and received legal indepdce in 1931. Others remained attached to their European part state until the d of the 19th ctury, such as Cuba and Puerto Rico which were linked to Spain until 1898. Smaller territories such as Guyana obtained indepdce in the mid-20th ctury, while certain Caribbean islands and Frch Guiana remain part of a European power to this day.
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Further information: History of Canada, History of the United States, History of Mexico, History of Ctral America, History of South America, and History of the Caribbean
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.
The traditional theory has be that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge betwe eastern Siberia and prest-day Alaska around 40, 000 – 17, 000 years ago, wh sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation.
List Of Countries In The Americas By Population
These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistoce megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched betwe the Laurtide and Cordilleran ice sheets.
Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific Northwest coast to South America.
Evidce of the latter would since have be covered by a sea level rise of a hundred meters following the last ice age.
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This time range is a hot source of debate. The few agreemts achieved to date are the origin from Ctral Asia, with widespread habitation of the Americas during the d of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum, around 16, 000 – 13, 000 years before prest.
The American Journal of Human Getics released an article in 2007 stating Here we show, by using 86 complete mitochondrial gomes, that all Indigous American haplogroups, including Haplogroup X (mtDNA), were part of a single founding population.
Amerindian groups in the Bering Strait region exhibit perhaps the strongest DNA or mitochondrial DNA relations to Siberian peoples. The getic diversity of Amerindian indigous groups increase with distance from the assumed try point into the Americas.
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Certain getic diversity patterns from West to East suggest, particularly in South America, that migration proceeded first down the west coast, and th proceeded eastward.
Geticists have variously estimated that peoples of Asia and the Americas were part of the same population from 42, 000 to 21, 000 years ago.
New studies shed light on the founding population of indigous Americans, suggesting that their ancestry traced to both east Asian and western Eurasians who migrated to North America directly from Siberia. A 2013 study in the journal Nature reported that DNA found in the 24, 000-year-old remains of a young boy in Mal’ta Siberia suggest that up to one-third of the indigous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have had a more north-easterly distribution 24, 000 years ago than commonly thought
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Professor Kelly Graf said that Our findings are significant at two levels. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a cosmopolitan population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Ctral and South Asia. Second, Paleoindian skeletons with photypic traits atypical of modern-day Native Americans can be explained as having a direct historical connection to Upper Paleolithic Siberia. A route through Beringia is se as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis.
On October 3, 2014, the Oregon cave where the oldest DNA evidce of human habitation in North America was found was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The DNA, radiocarbon dated to 14, 300 years ago, was found in fossilized human coprolites uncovered in the Paisley Five Mile Point Caves in south ctral Oregon.
The Lithic stage or Paleo-Indian period, is the earliest classification term referring to the first stage of human habitation in the Americas, covering the Late Pleistoce epoch. The time period derives its name from the appearance of Lithic flaked stone tools. Stone tools, particularly projectile points and scrapers, are the primary evidce of the earliest well known human activity in the Americas. Lithic reduction stone tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods.
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Several thousand years after the first migrations, the first complex civilizations arose as hunter-gatherers settled into semi-agricultural communities. Idtifiable sedtary settlemts began to emerge in the so-called Middle Archaic period around 6000 BCE. Particular archaeological cultures can be idtified and easily classified throughout the Archaic period.
In the late Archaic, on the north-ctral coastal region of Peru, a complex civilization arose which has be termed the Norte Chico civilization, also known as Caral-Supe. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas and one of the six sites where civilization originated indepdtly and indigously in the ancit world, flourishing betwe the 30th and 18th cturies BC. It pre-dated the Mesoamerican Olmec civilization by nearly two millnia. It was contemporaneous with the Egypt following the unification of its kingdom under Narmer and the emergce of the first Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Monumtal architecture, including earthwork platform mounds and sunk plazas have be idtified as part of the civilization. Archaeological evidce points to the use of textile technology and the worship of common god symbols. Governmt, possibly in the form of theocracy, is assumed to have be required to manage the region. However, numerous questions remain about its organization. In archaeological nomclature, the culture was pre-ceramic culture of the pre-Columbian Late Archaic period. It appears to have lacked ceramics and art.
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Ongoing scholarly debate persists over the extt to which the flourishing of Norte Chico resulted from its abundant maritime food resources, and the relationship that these resources would suggest betwe coastal and inland sites. The role of seafood in the Norte Chico diet has be a subject of scholarly debate. In 1973, examining the Aspero region of Norte Chico, Michael E. Moseley contded that a maritime subsistce (seafood) economy had be the basis of society and its early flourishing. This theory, later termed maritime foundation of Andean Civilization was at odds with the geral scholarly conssus that civilization arose as a result of intsive grain-based agriculture, as had be the case in the emergce of civilizations in northeast Africa (Egypt) and southwest Asia (Mesopotamia).
While earlier research pointed to edible domestic plants such as squash, beans, lucuma, guava, pacay, and camote at Caral, publications by Haas and
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